President Park Geun-hye placed 11th on Forbes’ list of the world’s 100 most powerful women this year.
It is the first time Park has made it onto the annual list by the U.S. economic magazine. She is also the only Korean on the roster.
Forbes introduced the 61-year-old Park as South Korea’s first female president, having been elected with Korea’s highest turnout rate in 15 years.
“This is her second ‘term’ in the presidential office. Her father, Park Chung-hee, was president for 18 years, and at age 22 she became de facto first lady after her mother was killed by a bullet intended for her husband,” Forbes said.
Park presides over the world’s 15th-largest GDP at $1.15 trillion but its export economy is being challenged by China and Japan as well as international anxiety over North Korean brinksmanship on the Korean Peninsula, it said.
North Korea has blamed her “venomous swish of skirt” for the tensions between the two countries, Forbes added.
The top spot was taken by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for the third consecutive year. Merkel has earned the top spot for seven of the past 10 years from 2006.
She was followed by Brazil’s President Dilma Rouseff.
The top five were completed with Melinda Gates, who co-chairs the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with her billionaire philanthropist husband, U.S. first lady Michelle Obama and former U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton.
Among 10 most powerful women were Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg; International Monetary Fund managing director Christine Lagarde; U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano; Indian National Congress President Sonia Gandhi; and PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi.
2013년 5월 30일 목요일
2013년 5월 24일 금요일
2013년 5월 3일 금요일
Park Geun-hye’s Leadership and South Korea’s Challenges
In the first month since Park Geun-hye’s inauguration as South Korea’s first woman president, she faced an external security environment that she characterized the day after her election as “grave.” In addition, her administration has gotten off to a slow start due to unexpected internal constraints associated with a government reorganization plan that has been hung up in South Korea’s National Assembly. CFR’s Program on U.S.-Korea Policy is featuring two parallel essays by prominent South Korean scholars that provide deeper analysis of the internal and external challenges Park faces as president.
Park In-hwi of Ewha Women’s University provides an important explanation of changes in South Korea’s National Assembly that were intended to promote bipartisanship but may instead result in administrative gridlock. Legislative wrangling over Park’s government reorganization plan tied the hands of the government for almost a month following Park’s inauguration. The delayed passage of this plan combined with her administration’s own failures to adequately vet candidate selections for top administration posts has weakened Park’s popularity and lowered public expectations for her political leadership. Another worrisome factor that might constrain Park’s leadership is the apparently deep political disaffection with Park among South Korea’s younger generation. If a political issue emerges to turn apathy into opposition, there is a real possibility that street demonstrations similar to those that occurred in the early days of the Lee Myung-Bak administration could further hamper Park’s ability to get things done.
The internal constraints on Park’s exercise of presidential power pale in comparison with Seoul National University professor Chung Jae Ho’s observation that South Korea remains “more of a dependent than an independent variable of international politics.” This fact makes Park’s management of relations with China and Japan, respectively, particularly challenging, not to mention the blistering rhetorical challenges posed by North Korea, which have clearly constrained Park’s ability to follow through on pledges of greater engagement with Pyongyang. All of these issues will be on the agenda for Park’s first official meeting with President Obama in May, and they make it all the more important that both sides build on the strong foundation for alliance cooperation going forward.
President Park Geun-hye, Korea’s first female president
The administrative vision of President Park Geun-hye’s new government is "A new era of hope and happiness."
The five Administrative Goals of the government are "a jobs-centered creative economy," "tailored employment and welfare," "creativity-oriented education and cultural enrichment," "a safe and united society" and "strong security measures for sustainable peace on the Korean Peninsula."
The Park Geun-hye administration plans to create a trustworthy, clean, and capable government through carrying out these goals, related strategies, and tasks.
2013년 5월 2일 목요일
The Full text of the 18th Presidential Inauguration Speech
"Opening a New Era of Hope"
My fellow Koreans and seven million fellow compatriots overseas,
As I take office as President of the Republic of Korea to serve in the 18th term, I stand before you today with a determination to open a new era of hope.
I am profoundly grateful to the Korean people for entrusting this historic mission to me. I also thank President Lee Myung-bak, the former Presidents, the dignitaries who have come from abroad to celebrate this occasion and other distinguished guests for their presence.
As President, I will live up to the will of the people by achieving economic revival, happiness for the people and cultural renaissance.
I will do my utmost to build a strong and prosperous Republic of Korea where happiness prevails.
Fellow citizens,
The Republic of Korea as we know it today has been built on the blood, toil and sweat of the people.
We have written a new history of extraordinary achievement simultaneously accomplishing industrialization and democratization based on the unwavering “can-do” spirit of the people and their matching potential.
The Korean saga that is often referred to as the "Miracle on the Han River” was written by the Korean people who worked tirelessly in the mines of Germany, in the torrid deserts of the Middle East, in factories and laboratories where the lights never went off and on the freezing frontlines safeguarding national defense. This Miracle was only possible due to the outstanding caliber of the Korean people and their unstinting devotion to both family and country.
I pay my heartfelt tribute to all my fellow Koreans who have made the Republic of Korea what it is today.
Fellow citizens,
In the vortex of our turbulent contemporary history, we always prevailed over the countless hardships and adversities.
Today, we continue to be confronted with a global economic crisis and outstanding security challenges, including the North Korean nuclear threat.
At the same time, capitalism faces new challenges in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.
The tasks we face today are unlike any we have confronted before. And they can only be overcome by our charting a new pathway.
Forging a new path is seldom an easy task.
But I have faith in the Korean people.
I believe in their resilience and in the potential of our dynamic nation.
Together with the proud people of Korea, I pledge to embark on the making of a “Second Miracle on the Han River” premised on a new era of hope.
I will usher in a new era of hope; the happiness of each citizen will become the bedrock of our nation’s strength, which in turn will benefit all Koreans.
Economic Revival
My fellow countrymen,
Today, I would like to propose a new way forward on the basis of a mutually reinforcing cycle of national advancement and the happiness of the people.
The new Administration will usher in a new era of hope premised on economic revival, happiness for the people, and cultural renaissance.
To begin with, I will work for a creative economy and economic democratization.
We are witnessing an economic paradigm shift across the world.
The convergence of science and technology with industry, the fusion of culture with industry and the blossoming of creativity made possible by the breaking down of barriers between industries define a creative economy.
It is about creating new markets and new jobs by building on the bedrock of convergence, going beyond simply expanding existing markets.
At the very heart of a creative economy lie science, technology and the IT industry, areas that I have earmarked as key priorities.
I will raise the quality of our science and technology to world-class levels. The creative economy will be brought to fruition by applying the results of such endeavors across the board.
The new Administration’s Ministry of Future Planning and Science will be tasked with leading the emergence of a creative economy in tandem with this new paradigm.
People are the nucleus of a creative economy. We live in an age where a single individual can raise the value of an entire nation and even help in rescuing the economy.
New opportunities to serve the country will be opened to numerous talented Koreans thriving across the global village. And for those at home who are equally capable, efforts will be enhanced to foster them into convergence leaders imbued with creativity and passion as pillars of a future Korea.
In order for a creative economy to truly blossom, economic democratization must be achieved.
I believe strongly that only when a fair market is firmly in place can everyone have hope and work to their fullest potential.
One of my critical economic goals is to ensure that anyone that works hard can stand on their own two feet and that small and medium-sized enterprises can prosper alongside large companies through small business promotion policies.
By rooting out various unfair business dealings that frustrate micro-business owners and small and medium-sized enterprises and by rectifying the wrong practices of the past, we will provide active support to ensure that everyone can realize their full capabilities, regardless of where they work or what they do for a living.
Only when the major players in our economy come together as one and pool their strengths can we bring happiness to the people and enhance our nation’s competitiveness.
It is on this foundation that I will help revive our economy and realize a “Second Miracle on the Han River” that culminates in the happiness of the Korean people.
Happiness for the People
Fellow Koreans,
No matter how much the country advances, such gains would be meaningless if the lives of the people remained insecure.
A genuine era of happiness will only be possible when there is no anxiety about life after retirement and when bearing and raising children is truly considered a blessing.
No citizen should be left to fear that he or she might not be able to meet the basic requirements of life.
A new paradigm of tailored welfare will free citizens from such anxieties and allow them to prosper in their own professions, maximize their potentials and contribute to the nation’s development.
I believe that enabling people to fulfill their dreams and opening a new era of hope begins with education.
We need to provide active support so that education brings out the best of an individual’s latent abilities, and we need to establish a new system that fosters national development on the stepping-stones of each individual’s capabilities.
There is a saying, "They who know the truth are not equal to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it."
The day of true happiness will only come when an increasing number of people are able to enjoy learning and love what they do.
The most important asset for any country is its people.
The future holds little promise when individual ability is stifled and when the only name of the game is rigid competition that smothers creativity.
I have long held the conviction that harnessing the potential of every child is the force that propels a nation forward.
Our educational system will be improved so that students can discover their talents and strengths in pursuit of their precious dreams and be judged by that. This will enable them to make the best use of their talent upon entering society.
There is no place for an individual’s dreams, talents or hopes in a society where everything is determined by one’s academic background and list of credentials.
We will transform our society from one that stresses academic credentials to one that is merit based so that each individual’s dreams and gifts can bear fruit.
It goes without saying that protecting the lives and ensuring the safety of the people is a critical element of a happy nation.
The new Administration will focus its efforts on building a safe society where women, people with disabilities, or anyone else for that matter, can feel secure as they carry on with their lives, no matter where they are in the country.
We will build a society where just laws prevail, rather than the heavy hand of power, and where the law serves as a shield of justice for society’s underprivileged.
A Cultural Renaissance
Fellow Koreans,
In the 21st century, culture is power. This is an era when an individual’s imagination becomes creative content.
As the “Korean Wave” is captivating people around the world, it is becoming a source of joy and happiness as well as abiding pride for all Koreans. This has been built on the foundation of Korea's splendid cultural heritage of tangible and intangible assets dating back thousands of years as well as our ethos.
The new Administration will uphold our ethos and spread the value of our culture throughout society for the cultural enrichment of all citizens.
We will harness the innate value of culture in order to heal social conflicts and bridge cultural divides separating different regions, generations and social strata. We will build a nation that becomes happier through culture, where culture is woven into the fabric of daily life and where the welfare system embodies cultural values.
Creative activities across a wide range of genres will be supported, while a content industry that merges culture with advanced technology will be nurtured. In so doing, we will ignite the engine of a creative economy and create new jobs.
Together with the Korean people, my Administration will foster a new cultural renaissance?a time for culture to flourish, transcending ethnicity and languages, overcoming ideologies and customs, contributing to the peaceful development of humanity and spreading happiness.
My Fellow Koreans,
Happiness can only flourish when people feel comfortable and secure. I pledge to you today that I will not tolerate any action that threatens the lives of our people and the security of our nation.
North Korea’s recent nuclear test is a challenge to the survival and future of the Korean people, and there should be no mistaking that the biggest victim will be none other than North Korea itself.
I urge North Korea to abandon its nuclear ambitions without delay and embark on the path to peace and shared development.
It is my sincere hope that North Korea can progress together as a responsible member of the international community instead of wasting its resources on nuclear and missile development and continuing to turn its back to the world in self-imposed isolation. There is no doubt that we are faced today with an extremely serious security environment; we cannot afford to remain where we are.
Through a trust-building process on the Korean Peninsula, I intend to lay the groundwork for an era of harmonious unification where all Koreans can lead more prosperous and freer lives and achieve their dreams.
I will move forward step by step to build trust between the South and the North on the basis of credible deterrence.
Trust can be built through dialogue and by honoring promises that have already been made. It is my hope that North Korea will abide by international norms and make the right choices so that the trust-building process on the Korean Peninsula can move forward.
The era of happiness that I envision is one that simultaneously unlocks an era of happiness on the whole Korean Peninsula while also contributing to ushering in an era of happiness throughout the global community.
To ease tensions and conflicts and further spread peace and cooperation in Asia, I will work to strengthen trust with countries in the region, including the United States, China, Japan, Russia and other Asian and Oceanic countries.
Moreover, I envision a Korea that shares more deeply the travails of others while also contributing to the resolution of key global issues.
Fellow citizens,
Today I assume my duties as President of the Republic of Korea to serve in the 18th presidential term. Let me assure you that I will journey with the people who have bestowed this tremendous responsibility upon me to truly open a new era of hope.
The responsibility for governing the nation falls on the shoulders of the President, and the fate of the nation is determined by the people. I ask for your active cooperation and support as we take the Republic of Korea on a new path.
We stand on the threshold of a new era when our nation and people must walk together and when the nation’s development and the people’s happiness form a mutually reinforcing cycle.
The success of our journey hinges on mutual confidence and trust between the Government and the people and on our ability to move forward in partnership.
I will earn the trust of the people by ensuring that my Administration remains clean, transparent and competent. I will help the public shed their distrust of government and build up the capital of trust.
I humbly ask all of you to pool your strength, wherever you may be, not only for your own individual interests but also for the common good.
In the needy days of our past, we shared with each other whatever we had. Even in the midst of hardship, our ancestors had the generosity of mind to leave aside a few persimmons for the magpies during the harvest season. We descend from a people that had traditions of communal sharing and mutual aid through gye and pumasi.
Reviving that spirit once again and building a society of responsible and considerate people, we can be confident that our shared dream of a new era of happiness is truly within our reach.
Such a spirit will offer a new model for capitalism, which has lost its bearings, and set an example for addressing the uncertain future that confronts our world.
I ask that you place your trust in my Administration and in me and join us along the path to a new future.
Let us all work together towards a New Era of Hope and Happiness so that we can all become partners in creating the Second Miracle on the Han River.
Thank you very much.
My fellow Koreans and seven million fellow compatriots overseas,
As I take office as President of the Republic of Korea to serve in the 18th term, I stand before you today with a determination to open a new era of hope.
I am profoundly grateful to the Korean people for entrusting this historic mission to me. I also thank President Lee Myung-bak, the former Presidents, the dignitaries who have come from abroad to celebrate this occasion and other distinguished guests for their presence.
As President, I will live up to the will of the people by achieving economic revival, happiness for the people and cultural renaissance.
I will do my utmost to build a strong and prosperous Republic of Korea where happiness prevails.
Fellow citizens,
The Republic of Korea as we know it today has been built on the blood, toil and sweat of the people.
We have written a new history of extraordinary achievement simultaneously accomplishing industrialization and democratization based on the unwavering “can-do” spirit of the people and their matching potential.
The Korean saga that is often referred to as the "Miracle on the Han River” was written by the Korean people who worked tirelessly in the mines of Germany, in the torrid deserts of the Middle East, in factories and laboratories where the lights never went off and on the freezing frontlines safeguarding national defense. This Miracle was only possible due to the outstanding caliber of the Korean people and their unstinting devotion to both family and country.
I pay my heartfelt tribute to all my fellow Koreans who have made the Republic of Korea what it is today.
Fellow citizens,
In the vortex of our turbulent contemporary history, we always prevailed over the countless hardships and adversities.
Today, we continue to be confronted with a global economic crisis and outstanding security challenges, including the North Korean nuclear threat.
At the same time, capitalism faces new challenges in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.
The tasks we face today are unlike any we have confronted before. And they can only be overcome by our charting a new pathway.
Forging a new path is seldom an easy task.
But I have faith in the Korean people.
I believe in their resilience and in the potential of our dynamic nation.
Together with the proud people of Korea, I pledge to embark on the making of a “Second Miracle on the Han River” premised on a new era of hope.
I will usher in a new era of hope; the happiness of each citizen will become the bedrock of our nation’s strength, which in turn will benefit all Koreans.
Economic Revival
My fellow countrymen,
Today, I would like to propose a new way forward on the basis of a mutually reinforcing cycle of national advancement and the happiness of the people.
The new Administration will usher in a new era of hope premised on economic revival, happiness for the people, and cultural renaissance.
To begin with, I will work for a creative economy and economic democratization.
We are witnessing an economic paradigm shift across the world.
The convergence of science and technology with industry, the fusion of culture with industry and the blossoming of creativity made possible by the breaking down of barriers between industries define a creative economy.
It is about creating new markets and new jobs by building on the bedrock of convergence, going beyond simply expanding existing markets.
At the very heart of a creative economy lie science, technology and the IT industry, areas that I have earmarked as key priorities.
I will raise the quality of our science and technology to world-class levels. The creative economy will be brought to fruition by applying the results of such endeavors across the board.
The new Administration’s Ministry of Future Planning and Science will be tasked with leading the emergence of a creative economy in tandem with this new paradigm.
People are the nucleus of a creative economy. We live in an age where a single individual can raise the value of an entire nation and even help in rescuing the economy.
New opportunities to serve the country will be opened to numerous talented Koreans thriving across the global village. And for those at home who are equally capable, efforts will be enhanced to foster them into convergence leaders imbued with creativity and passion as pillars of a future Korea.
In order for a creative economy to truly blossom, economic democratization must be achieved.
I believe strongly that only when a fair market is firmly in place can everyone have hope and work to their fullest potential.
One of my critical economic goals is to ensure that anyone that works hard can stand on their own two feet and that small and medium-sized enterprises can prosper alongside large companies through small business promotion policies.
By rooting out various unfair business dealings that frustrate micro-business owners and small and medium-sized enterprises and by rectifying the wrong practices of the past, we will provide active support to ensure that everyone can realize their full capabilities, regardless of where they work or what they do for a living.
Only when the major players in our economy come together as one and pool their strengths can we bring happiness to the people and enhance our nation’s competitiveness.
It is on this foundation that I will help revive our economy and realize a “Second Miracle on the Han River” that culminates in the happiness of the Korean people.
Happiness for the People
Fellow Koreans,
No matter how much the country advances, such gains would be meaningless if the lives of the people remained insecure.
A genuine era of happiness will only be possible when there is no anxiety about life after retirement and when bearing and raising children is truly considered a blessing.
No citizen should be left to fear that he or she might not be able to meet the basic requirements of life.
A new paradigm of tailored welfare will free citizens from such anxieties and allow them to prosper in their own professions, maximize their potentials and contribute to the nation’s development.
I believe that enabling people to fulfill their dreams and opening a new era of hope begins with education.
We need to provide active support so that education brings out the best of an individual’s latent abilities, and we need to establish a new system that fosters national development on the stepping-stones of each individual’s capabilities.
There is a saying, "They who know the truth are not equal to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it."
The day of true happiness will only come when an increasing number of people are able to enjoy learning and love what they do.
The most important asset for any country is its people.
The future holds little promise when individual ability is stifled and when the only name of the game is rigid competition that smothers creativity.
I have long held the conviction that harnessing the potential of every child is the force that propels a nation forward.
Our educational system will be improved so that students can discover their talents and strengths in pursuit of their precious dreams and be judged by that. This will enable them to make the best use of their talent upon entering society.
There is no place for an individual’s dreams, talents or hopes in a society where everything is determined by one’s academic background and list of credentials.
We will transform our society from one that stresses academic credentials to one that is merit based so that each individual’s dreams and gifts can bear fruit.
It goes without saying that protecting the lives and ensuring the safety of the people is a critical element of a happy nation.
The new Administration will focus its efforts on building a safe society where women, people with disabilities, or anyone else for that matter, can feel secure as they carry on with their lives, no matter where they are in the country.
We will build a society where just laws prevail, rather than the heavy hand of power, and where the law serves as a shield of justice for society’s underprivileged.
A Cultural Renaissance
Fellow Koreans,
In the 21st century, culture is power. This is an era when an individual’s imagination becomes creative content.
As the “Korean Wave” is captivating people around the world, it is becoming a source of joy and happiness as well as abiding pride for all Koreans. This has been built on the foundation of Korea's splendid cultural heritage of tangible and intangible assets dating back thousands of years as well as our ethos.
The new Administration will uphold our ethos and spread the value of our culture throughout society for the cultural enrichment of all citizens.
We will harness the innate value of culture in order to heal social conflicts and bridge cultural divides separating different regions, generations and social strata. We will build a nation that becomes happier through culture, where culture is woven into the fabric of daily life and where the welfare system embodies cultural values.
Creative activities across a wide range of genres will be supported, while a content industry that merges culture with advanced technology will be nurtured. In so doing, we will ignite the engine of a creative economy and create new jobs.
Together with the Korean people, my Administration will foster a new cultural renaissance?a time for culture to flourish, transcending ethnicity and languages, overcoming ideologies and customs, contributing to the peaceful development of humanity and spreading happiness.
My Fellow Koreans,
Happiness can only flourish when people feel comfortable and secure. I pledge to you today that I will not tolerate any action that threatens the lives of our people and the security of our nation.
North Korea’s recent nuclear test is a challenge to the survival and future of the Korean people, and there should be no mistaking that the biggest victim will be none other than North Korea itself.
I urge North Korea to abandon its nuclear ambitions without delay and embark on the path to peace and shared development.
It is my sincere hope that North Korea can progress together as a responsible member of the international community instead of wasting its resources on nuclear and missile development and continuing to turn its back to the world in self-imposed isolation. There is no doubt that we are faced today with an extremely serious security environment; we cannot afford to remain where we are.
Through a trust-building process on the Korean Peninsula, I intend to lay the groundwork for an era of harmonious unification where all Koreans can lead more prosperous and freer lives and achieve their dreams.
I will move forward step by step to build trust between the South and the North on the basis of credible deterrence.
Trust can be built through dialogue and by honoring promises that have already been made. It is my hope that North Korea will abide by international norms and make the right choices so that the trust-building process on the Korean Peninsula can move forward.
The era of happiness that I envision is one that simultaneously unlocks an era of happiness on the whole Korean Peninsula while also contributing to ushering in an era of happiness throughout the global community.
To ease tensions and conflicts and further spread peace and cooperation in Asia, I will work to strengthen trust with countries in the region, including the United States, China, Japan, Russia and other Asian and Oceanic countries.
Moreover, I envision a Korea that shares more deeply the travails of others while also contributing to the resolution of key global issues.
Fellow citizens,
Today I assume my duties as President of the Republic of Korea to serve in the 18th presidential term. Let me assure you that I will journey with the people who have bestowed this tremendous responsibility upon me to truly open a new era of hope.
The responsibility for governing the nation falls on the shoulders of the President, and the fate of the nation is determined by the people. I ask for your active cooperation and support as we take the Republic of Korea on a new path.
We stand on the threshold of a new era when our nation and people must walk together and when the nation’s development and the people’s happiness form a mutually reinforcing cycle.
The success of our journey hinges on mutual confidence and trust between the Government and the people and on our ability to move forward in partnership.
I will earn the trust of the people by ensuring that my Administration remains clean, transparent and competent. I will help the public shed their distrust of government and build up the capital of trust.
I humbly ask all of you to pool your strength, wherever you may be, not only for your own individual interests but also for the common good.
In the needy days of our past, we shared with each other whatever we had. Even in the midst of hardship, our ancestors had the generosity of mind to leave aside a few persimmons for the magpies during the harvest season. We descend from a people that had traditions of communal sharing and mutual aid through gye and pumasi.
Reviving that spirit once again and building a society of responsible and considerate people, we can be confident that our shared dream of a new era of happiness is truly within our reach.
Such a spirit will offer a new model for capitalism, which has lost its bearings, and set an example for addressing the uncertain future that confronts our world.
I ask that you place your trust in my Administration and in me and join us along the path to a new future.
Let us all work together towards a New Era of Hope and Happiness so that we can all become partners in creating the Second Miracle on the Han River.
Thank you very much.
TIME selects President Park ‘100 most influential people’
President Park Geun-hye was selected as one of “the 100 most influential people in the world” selected by TIME Magazine in its April 18 edition.
Some of the other figures included on the annual list of the leading U.S. weekly are President of the United States Barack Obama, Chinese President Xi Jinping, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, Pope Francis, and famous American designer Michael Kors.
Every year, the magazine makes a list of the 100 most important figures from around the world in various sectors, including art, politics, business, and religion.
“The first female president of the Republic of Korea, Madame Park Geun-hye is an inspiration for all women trying to break through the glass ceiling and for all individuals committed to serving the people,” said Yingluck Shinawatra, the first female prime minister of Thailand, in a bio published by the magazine, also telling about her first meeting with President Park at her inauguration this February, as well as President Park’s vision of creating a “second miracle on the Han River.”
“President Park has what it takes to usher in an era of hope and happiness for the Korean people and to contribute to the stability and dynamism of the Korean Peninsula and the Asia-Pacific region, benefiting her country as well as East Asia and the ASEAN community.”
Another South Korean -- Vice Chairman of Samsung Electronics Kwon Oh-Hyun -- was included on TIME’s list.
Mentioning successful business leaders in consumer electronics like Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and Sony co-founder Akio Morita, former Apple CEO John Sculley said in the magazine, “Kwon joins those business giants.”
Some of the other figures included on the annual list of the leading U.S. weekly are President of the United States Barack Obama, Chinese President Xi Jinping, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, Pope Francis, and famous American designer Michael Kors.
President Park Geun-hye (left) meets with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on April 12 at Cheong Wa Dae (photo: Cheong Wa Dae).
“The first female president of the Republic of Korea, Madame Park Geun-hye is an inspiration for all women trying to break through the glass ceiling and for all individuals committed to serving the people,” said Yingluck Shinawatra, the first female prime minister of Thailand, in a bio published by the magazine, also telling about her first meeting with President Park at her inauguration this February, as well as President Park’s vision of creating a “second miracle on the Han River.”
“President Park has what it takes to usher in an era of hope and happiness for the Korean people and to contribute to the stability and dynamism of the Korean Peninsula and the Asia-Pacific region, benefiting her country as well as East Asia and the ASEAN community.”
Another South Korean -- Vice Chairman of Samsung Electronics Kwon Oh-Hyun -- was included on TIME’s list.
Mentioning successful business leaders in consumer electronics like Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and Sony co-founder Akio Morita, former Apple CEO John Sculley said in the magazine, “Kwon joins those business giants.”
Resemblance of leadership -2-
2. Promote a competition, support intensively to the necessary place.
Former President Park Chung-hee's 'New Village Movement' is the nationwide plan from the village which obtained the excellent result supported with a precedence based on the firm principle evaluation.
The government supported preferentially the village where the participation of New Village Movement is high. (the other village was not supported)
This is the opposite way with the recent government which support for underdeveloped groups preferentially. He refused to distribute the budget in accordance with the logic of equality. He had prompted the rivalry between the villages.
 |
| Hyun-dai building's groundbreacking ceremony in 1972 |
But, former President Park Chung-hee didn't emphasize only principle of competition everytime. He supported and followed 'The selection and concentration' of industry until rise to the global level even though it had a criticized. 'Hyun-dai shipbuilding' is an example of the policy. This is meaning of his understand and respect about market principle fundamentally. Just he knew how to adjust and control the enterprises for the development of national and he didn't neglect to take advantage of the power companies.
 |
President Park Guen-hye
is explaining about economic plan
|
President Park Guen-hye asserted an 'Economy democratization' just ahead of election however, the original asserted was 'Principle market economy'. 'Principle market economy' is respect the role of the market and function, and the government establish fair rules and monitoring , and sanctions for acts contrary properly to the rule. This is resemblance of leadership with former president Park Jung-hee's way.
2013년 4월 27일 토요일
Talent, support system lead to creative economy
President Park Geun-hye stressed the importance of a creative economy, one of her main administrative initiatives, in a series of meetings involving government ministries. The president emphasized human creativity as key to realizing a creative economy at a policy briefing with the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning on April 18, 2013 at Cheong Wa Dae.
“To realize a creative economy, we need to build a supportive system and make a helpful environment so that talented people with creative ideas and passions can start businesses by taking up challenges,” said President Park. The president mentioned co-founder of Microsoft Bill Gates and the late Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, as models of leaders in a creative economy who led global changes with their individual talents.
President Park urged the government to build a system to help people apply their ideas to businesses, according to presidential spokeswoman Kim Haing.
”Undergoing many failures is inevitable in successfully realizing a creative economy,” said the president, “so we need to provide systemic support for them so that they can make a comeback by overcoming unfortunate failures.” She also pointed to talented people with creativity and a supportive system as keys to the success of a creative economy.
At the briefing, President Park also stressed the significance of fostering the software and content industries as the heart of creative industry.
President Park stressed that respecting the value of knowledge is a prerequisite for developing the software and content industries, mentioning international K-pop star PSY as a symbolic case of honoring copyright.
PSY recently paid royalties for borrowing choreography originally shown by the Korean girl group Brown Eyed Girls in their hit song "Abracadabra" (2009) to use the sexy dance in his latest single "Gentleman" which was released on April 12, 2013.
The president called for systemic support to acknowledge the value of software and content industries to maintain fair market policies.
The government has already carried out studies and discussions on the importance of the content industry and finding ways to foster its growth. Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Yoo Jinryong recently said that the creative industry is the heart of a creative economy.
“A creative economy is a new paradigm which can lose its meaning once it is defined,” said Minister Yoo at a seminar held on the creative economy on April 17 in Sangam-dong, Seoul. “A creative industry helps people’s dreams come true and its main component is the content industry.”
“The content industry generates value by combining creativity-based culture and high-end technology to realize human imagination and using advanced information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure,” said Minister Yoo. “The government will make efforts to foster a helpful environment to support businesses and individuals so that they can display their capabilities to the fullest and apply their ideas to business.”
The culture ministry announced a plan to introduce a support policy dubbed “Contents Korea Lab” to foster the content industry. Under the proposed Contents Korea Lab, the ministry will raise a fund and focus on incubating five selected creative fields -- games, music, animation, film, and musicals. Through Contents Korea Lab, the ministry will provide various services, ranging from mentoring to marketing consultation, in the process of starting a business with creative ideas. The culture ministry plans to open the lab in the first half of 2014.
President Park Geun-hye (center) receives a briefing from the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning on Aprl 18 at Cheong Wa Dae (photo: Cheong Wa Dae).
“To realize a creative economy, we need to build a supportive system and make a helpful environment so that talented people with creative ideas and passions can start businesses by taking up challenges,” said President Park. The president mentioned co-founder of Microsoft Bill Gates and the late Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, as models of leaders in a creative economy who led global changes with their individual talents.
President Park urged the government to build a system to help people apply their ideas to businesses, according to presidential spokeswoman Kim Haing.
”Undergoing many failures is inevitable in successfully realizing a creative economy,” said the president, “so we need to provide systemic support for them so that they can make a comeback by overcoming unfortunate failures.” She also pointed to talented people with creativity and a supportive system as keys to the success of a creative economy.
At the briefing, President Park also stressed the significance of fostering the software and content industries as the heart of creative industry.
President Park praised PSY (center) for honoring copyright. PSY has paid royalties to the choreographers who created the moves originally shown in the Brown Eyed Girls 2009 hit song "Abracadabra." PSY borrowed the sexy dance in his latest single "Gentleman" (photo courtesy of YG Entertainment).
President Park stressed that respecting the value of knowledge is a prerequisite for developing the software and content industries, mentioning international K-pop star PSY as a symbolic case of honoring copyright.
PSY recently paid royalties for borrowing choreography originally shown by the Korean girl group Brown Eyed Girls in their hit song "Abracadabra" (2009) to use the sexy dance in his latest single "Gentleman" which was released on April 12, 2013.
The president called for systemic support to acknowledge the value of software and content industries to maintain fair market policies.
The government has already carried out studies and discussions on the importance of the content industry and finding ways to foster its growth. Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Yoo Jinryong recently said that the creative industry is the heart of a creative economy.
Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Yoo Jinryong explains the importance of the creative industry as the center of creative economy at a seminar held on April 17 in Seoul (photo from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism).
“A creative economy is a new paradigm which can lose its meaning once it is defined,” said Minister Yoo at a seminar held on the creative economy on April 17 in Sangam-dong, Seoul. “A creative industry helps people’s dreams come true and its main component is the content industry.”
“The content industry generates value by combining creativity-based culture and high-end technology to realize human imagination and using advanced information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure,” said Minister Yoo. “The government will make efforts to foster a helpful environment to support businesses and individuals so that they can display their capabilities to the fullest and apply their ideas to business.”
The culture ministry announced a plan to introduce a support policy dubbed “Contents Korea Lab” to foster the content industry. Under the proposed Contents Korea Lab, the ministry will raise a fund and focus on incubating five selected creative fields -- games, music, animation, film, and musicals. Through Contents Korea Lab, the ministry will provide various services, ranging from mentoring to marketing consultation, in the process of starting a business with creative ideas. The culture ministry plans to open the lab in the first half of 2014.
Science basis for strong economy, job creation
Technology, knowledge, and creative ideas are developed and spread to be utilized in every corner of society, and this is an idealistic quality of a technological powerhouse. Scientific research and technological development are the backbone for achieving prosperity. The key to economic renaissance is a creative economy, of which the center lies in science, technology, and the IT industry.
A researcher carries out a metalizing and etching process for semiconductors in a clean room at Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology. President Park Geun-hye said the central part of a creative economy lies in science, technology, and the IT industry and reiterated her will to foster science and technology (photo: Gonggam Korea).
Economic policy has always lied at the center. All previous presidents put the economy first in their policies, but President Park Geun-hye is the first to specially point out that the future of the country lies in science, technology, and IT.
President Park spoke of the Ministry of Future Planning and Science in her inauguration speech. This is seen as a request for the ministry to carry out the policies, since this is an important turning point for the Korean economy.
A creative economy is based on creativity, knowledge, and R&D. This is different from a traditional development model in which economic progress is driven mainly by labor and capital input. The concept is to increase the productivity of different industries through ideas and R&D and maximize the convergence between different industries. President Park believes that this will create new markets and jobs.
President Park picked “science and technological development through creativity and innovation” as a specific strategy to create “a creative economy based on job creation,” which is one of the main national policy goals.
What is most noticeable in the policy goals is fostering talent. The government intends to create a cultural space and social atmosphere in which creative imaginations breathe life into science and technology experts who will lead the age of convergence.
Expansion of basic science research budget to 40 percent of the entire budget
The government plans to support convergence education programs at universities designated as science and technology schools. It also plans to strengthen its assistance for science high schools and high schools for gifted children.
The government also intends to drastically increase the budget for national R&D, especially in the basic sciences. Under the plan, the portion of R&D investment in the basic sciences will rise to 40 percent of the entire R&D budget by 2017. Currently in Korea, R&D is geared more toward applied sciences, unlike developed countries such as the United States and Germany.
More support will go to small and midsize enterprises with insufficient resources for R&D. State-run research centers and large companies will be involved to help them commercialize their research. Tax incentives and relaxation of technology-related regulations are also planned to encourage R&D in the private sector. The international science business belt will be developed into a new growth foothold by linking the basic science and high-tech industries.
The way support is distributed to R&D will also be transformed. So far, support has been given by different departments at different steps of research, making it difficult to create synergy.
To solve this problem, the way the support is given will be integrated and a new system will be established to collectively provide assistance at the different steps of R&D from basic science to commercialization of new technologies.
President-elect of the Republic of Korea
Celebrating with supporters at a vision declaration event
Receiving the official certificate of victory in the 18th Presidential Election
Celebrating at a signboard hanging ceremony for the presidential transition committee
Campaigning for the 18th Presidency
Celebrating with supporters at a vision declaration event
Campaigning at the Convention and Exhibition Complex （COEX） in Seoul ahead of the 18th Presidential Election
Campaigning in Gwanghwamun, central Seoul, ahead of the 18th Presidential Election
Announcing candidacy for the 18th Presidential Election
Announcing candidacy for the 18th Presidential Election
Campaigning ahead of the 18th Presidential Election
Acting First Lady
Shaking hands with a cadet of the Korea Military Academy as acting First Lady
The acting First Lady, US President Jimmy Carter, President Park Chung Hee and First Lady Rosalynn Carter at Cheong Wa Dae
Practicing calligraphy with her father, President Park Chung Hee, at Cheong Wa Dae
Serving food to children invited to Cheong Wa Dae
Serving food to children invited to Cheong Wa Dae
Official dinner at Cheong Wa Dae with Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore
In Her Teens and 20s
Swimming
Having a picture taken in her Sacred Heart Girls’ Middle School uniform
Ice skating
Preparing for a college bazaar
With her dog on the grounds of Cheong Wa Dae
Enjoying table tennis with her family
Silent Leadership
'Persuade someone' is indeed difficult. Specially is not for personal profit which is the family or counterpart from the foreign affair.
She gratulated President Carter and Rosalynn who was the first lady of U.S sincerely. And next morning Park geun-hye visited Rosalynn when President Carter did jogging.
This is her's 'silent leadership', also Park geun-hye's now is more mature than the time when she was encountered the situation of crisis.
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| Korea's First Female President Park guen-hye |
'Persuade someone' is indeed difficult. Specially is not for personal profit which is the family or counterpart from the foreign affair.
President Park didn't have enough time to persuade president Jimmy Carter who was president of U.S in 1979. He promised the US Armed forces in South Korea withdrawal to a presidential election pledge and he was elected. After then, he visited to korea to discuss about withdraw U.S Armed forces from South korea, so she had to persuade him in a two days.
He was very the person who is stubbornness. And the U.S Armed Forces in South Korea withdrawal of the Carter government was the firm policy. But, the problem was very the dangerous problem to South Korea. Because they needed U.S Armed from threat of North Korea. When everyone worried about this situation even his father who was president of South korea, she came out.
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| President Jimmy Carter's visit to South Korea. (Jun. 29. 1979) |
"Our country started 'jogging boom' because you and president jimmy carter like jogging. And this situation is very healthy boom to Korea" Park guen-hye said.
"But, there are two people. first one is keep do jogging for a long times ago, and the other is just started. Now, you can think between those two people. When they do jogging together, who will get tired faster?" She explained.
"Jogging which is sudden to the healthy person can become the benefit. but,jogging which is sudden to the weak person can become the poison. We focused on economic growth to escape from the poverty. In other words, unlike the healthy United States Korea is weak. Because we need U.S Army's support to healthy"
She told her about Korea like this truely, and explained the condition of Korea in detail carefully.
After that conversation, U.S first lady told president Jimmy carter.
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| Korea news paper. It explain about ' Postpone the withdrawal of U.S Forces' |
From that day night dinner, Carter asked many sincerity questions to Park geun-hye, and she answered honorably. President Carter couldn't find any contradiction from her's explain.
Finally, Carter eventually being persuaded to Park geun-hye. He postpone the withdrawal of U.S forces although that proimse with American people.
 |
| Presidents of Two country (Park jung-hee, Jimmy carter) two first ladies (Park guen-hye, Rosaylnn carter) and Cater's daughter |
This is her's 'silent leadership', also Park geun-hye's now is more mature than the time when she was encountered the situation of crisis.
She ready to lead South Korea
New education policy
New education policy
1. Free semester system
During semester, one semester will be progressed free discussion.
In free semester system term, exams that just remember facts will decrease and
Program for national Student Assessment will have only three subjects.
2. High school free education
Government will implement free education to urban weak class,farm and fishing village students from 2014.And that will be applied all students until 2017.
3. Reinforcement about career education.
Until 2017, Career education teachers will be hired on all schools.
So students will do career aptitude test twice a year.
4. Taking care of students's time expanding.
Elementary schools have to take care of students until 5.pm from 2014.
5. To ban previous education.
Questions that exceed curriculum can't be appeared in high school or university promotion tests.
6. Screenings that are needed for entrancing into a university will decrease.
From now three thousands of screenigs will decrease sharply.
7. Vitalization of region university and college.
I think this lists is very fantastic. Because i experienced Korea's education.
So this will cause positive results and Korea's young boys can study happily!!
1. Free semester system
During semester, one semester will be progressed free discussion.
In free semester system term, exams that just remember facts will decrease and
Program for national Student Assessment will have only three subjects.
2. High school free education
Government will implement free education to urban weak class,farm and fishing village students from 2014.And that will be applied all students until 2017.
3. Reinforcement about career education.
Until 2017, Career education teachers will be hired on all schools.
So students will do career aptitude test twice a year.
4. Taking care of students's time expanding.
Elementary schools have to take care of students until 5.pm from 2014.
5. To ban previous education.
Questions that exceed curriculum can't be appeared in high school or university promotion tests.
6. Screenings that are needed for entrancing into a university will decrease.
From now three thousands of screenigs will decrease sharply.
7. Vitalization of region university and college.
I think this lists is very fantastic. Because i experienced Korea's education.
So this will cause positive results and Korea's young boys can study happily!!
History of Korea
History of Korea
Korea’s history dates back to 2333 B.C. This section follows the history of Korea from the prehistoric age to the modern era.
Archaeological findings have indicated that the first settlements on the Korean Peninsula occurred 700,000 years ago.
According to legend, the mythical figure Dan-gun founded Gojoseon, the first Korean Kingdom, in 2333 B.C. Subsequently, several tribes moved from the southern part of Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula.
The Three Kingdoms Period refers to the period from the early 4th to mid-7th centuries A.D. marked by the struggle of three rival kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) over territory spanning the Korean Peninsula and part of Northeastern Asia.
An ancient state of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo occupied the largest territory among the Three Kingdoms. Founded in 37 B.C. by Jumong (later become King Dongmyeong), Goguryeo prospered on a vast area encompassing the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and south-central Manchuria. The kingdom expanded its territory in fierce battles against Chinese kingdoms, but fell to an alliance of Silla and Tang forces in 668 A.D.
Silla was originally founded by King Park Hyeokgeose in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. The kingdom lasted for 992 years, from 57 B.C. to 935 A.D. It conquered Baekje and Goguryeo, one after the other, by joining forces with the Tang Empire of China. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms, the Tang Empire was no longer seen as an ally, but an invader. Silla joined forces with the people of Goguryeo and Baekje to drive out Tang forces, and founded the first unified state in the history of Korea in the territory south of the Daedonggang River and Wonsanman.
Baekje (18 B.C. - 660 A.D.) was founded by King Onjo, the son of the king of Goguryeo, in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. The kingdom witnessed the flowering of the elegant and delicate Baekje culture, which in particular influenced Japanese culture. In 660 A.D., Baekje was defeated by the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China.
The Unified Silla Kingdom promoted the development of culture and arts, and the popularity of Buddhism reached its peak during this period. The Unified Silla Kingdom declined because of contention for supremacy among the noble classes, and was annexed by Goryeo in 935.
The Balhae Kingdom began to emerge just as the Goguryeo Kingdom was on the verge of collapsing. Goguryeo General Dae Joyeong founded Balhae along with his army of displaced peoples. At one point, Balhae became so powerful that it was able to acquire territories in northern and eastern parts of China. At those times, the Tang Dynasty of China referred to Balhae as “Haedongseongguk” or “the strong country by the sea in the east.” The Balhae Kingdom holds significance in that it recovered lost territories of Goguryeo and inherited Goguryeo.
The Goryeo Dynasty was established in 918 by King Wang Geon. Buddhism became the state religion during this time and greatly influenced politics and culture. Famous items produced during this time include Goryeo celadon and the Tripitaka Koreana. The world's first movable metal type was developed in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. Jikjisimgyeong, a Buddhist scripture printed using the metal type, is at least 78 years older than the first Gutenberg Bible. The Goryeo Dynasty's strength decreased gradually in the latter half of the 14th century.
The Joseon Dynasty was formed at the end of the 14th century. Goryeo General Lee Sung-gye brought down Goryeo to found Joseon, and designated Seoul as a capital. Confucianism became the state ideology and exerted a massive influence over the whole of society. Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, was invented in 1443 during the reign of King Sejong.
In 1876, the Joseon Dynasty was forced by Japan to adopt an open-door policy. Then, in 1910, the Japanese annexation of Korea was concluded. Korean people had to suffer under the Japanese colonial rule until the end of World War II by the surrender of Japan in 1945.
Korea was liberated from Japanese oppression on August 15, 1945, but it soon faced the tragic division of North and South along the 38th Parallel. Both regions were placed under temporary military rule by the U.S. and Soviet armies. On May 10, 1948, with the help of the United Nations, South Korea elected Dr. Rhee Syngman as its first president. On August 15th of the same year, an official declaration announced the birth of the South Korean government. In the north, North Korea formed the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea, led by Kim Il-sung, in February 1946. On September 9, 1948, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was officially founded.
In the early hours of June 25, 1950, North Korea attempted a forcible unification of North and South Korea by crossing the 38th Parallel and invading South Korea. Military help from over 16 nations under the leadership of UN General Douglas MacArthur helped defend South Korea against the threat of communism. China and the Soviet Union lent their military might to North Korea. The war continued over the next three years until coming to an end on July 27, 1953, with a peace agreement signed at Panmunjeom, located in the DMZ. Not only did the war ravage the Peninsula, it also heightened hostile feelings between the North and South, making reunification a difficult task.
Beginning in 1954, the Rhee Syngman Government focused on developing an anti-communist politics. In 1960, students forged an anti-government movement, the 4.19 Revolution against the illegitimately pro-longed reign of Rhee Syngman Government, and overturned the government. On July 23, 1960, a new election law was enacted, and Yun Bo-seon was elected president. However, the Yun Bo-seon Government was toppled by a military coup on May 16, 1961.
In 1963, the acting president, Park Chung-hee was officially elected president, and ruled with a controversial iron fist for the next 17 years. President Park Chung-hee's 'Saemaeul Undong' (New Community Movement, an effort to modernize Korea that began in 1970) brought about much progress in South Korea, and the systematic approach to economic development also yielded increased exports and positive returns. But with the democratic movement in progress and the citizens becoming wary of such extended rule, Park Chung-hee's life ended in a 1979 assassination. In 1980, Chun Doo-hwan came to power and continued to lead the nation with an authoritarian slant, as had been the case with former rulers. His rule came to an end in 1987, after massive protests demanding democracy broke out across the country.
In 1988, the Roh Tae-woo government started off the year on a good note by successfully hosting the 1988 Seoul Olympics. His government went on to join the UN in 1991.
The Kim Young-sam Government, which began in 1993, implemented a new system in which people were required to use their real names when making financial transactions, a much needed reform at the time.
In 1998, Kim Dae-jung was elected president. He threw his efforts into overcoming the IMF financial catastrophe that hit Asia in 1997, and also hosted the 17th FIFA World Cup in 2002. President Kim Dae-jung was also the winner of the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for his Sunshine Policy regarding North Korea.
The Roh Moo-hyun Administration, which came into office in 2003, aspired to be a participatory government where public engagement played a key role. Key outcomes of the Roh Administration included a human resources policy targeting young and open-minded people, the liquidation of authoritarianism, and growth of the civil society. The second round summit talks between South and North Korea also took place under his administration.
President Lee Myung-bak took office in 2008 as the 17th president. His administration pursued change and pragmatism, and actively undertook the privatization of public corporations and passage of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The administration successfully hosted the G20 Seoul Summit, the Nuclear Security Summit, and other major events.
In North Korea, Kim Jong-il died in December 2011 after 17 years in power. His son Kim Jong-un took power.
Since the signing of a South-North joint communique regarding the reunification of the Korean Peninsula on July 4, 1972, South and North Korea have continued their efforts towards a peaceful coexistence and reunification, including North Korea’s opening of Geumgang Mountain to South Korean tourists in 1998, and the two rounds of South-North summit meetings in 2000 and 2007, respectively.
On February 25, 2013, Park Geun-hye took oath and was inaugurated as the 18th president of Korea. She is the first female president since the establishment of the Korean Government. She is also a daughter of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th president, Park Chung-hee. The Park Geun-hye Government places the first priority on establishment of fair trade as well as political, legislative, and prosecution reform. It also focuses on reducing households’ debt, developing measures to deal with youth unemployment, and improving the welfare.
Korea’s history dates back to 2333 B.C. This section follows the history of Korea from the prehistoric age to the modern era.
The Prehistoric Age
Archaeological findings have indicated that the first settlements on the Korean Peninsula occurred 700,000 years ago.
Gojoseon (2333 - 108 B.C.)
According to legend, the mythical figure Dan-gun founded Gojoseon, the first Korean Kingdom, in 2333 B.C. Subsequently, several tribes moved from the southern part of Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula.
The Three Kingdoms Period (57 B.C. - 676 A.D.)
The Three Kingdoms Period refers to the period from the early 4th to mid-7th centuries A.D. marked by the struggle of three rival kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) over territory spanning the Korean Peninsula and part of Northeastern Asia.
Goguryeo
An ancient state of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo occupied the largest territory among the Three Kingdoms. Founded in 37 B.C. by Jumong (later become King Dongmyeong), Goguryeo prospered on a vast area encompassing the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and south-central Manchuria. The kingdom expanded its territory in fierce battles against Chinese kingdoms, but fell to an alliance of Silla and Tang forces in 668 A.D.
Silla
Silla was originally founded by King Park Hyeokgeose in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. The kingdom lasted for 992 years, from 57 B.C. to 935 A.D. It conquered Baekje and Goguryeo, one after the other, by joining forces with the Tang Empire of China. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms, the Tang Empire was no longer seen as an ally, but an invader. Silla joined forces with the people of Goguryeo and Baekje to drive out Tang forces, and founded the first unified state in the history of Korea in the territory south of the Daedonggang River and Wonsanman.
Baekje
Baekje (18 B.C. - 660 A.D.) was founded by King Onjo, the son of the king of Goguryeo, in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. The kingdom witnessed the flowering of the elegant and delicate Baekje culture, which in particular influenced Japanese culture. In 660 A.D., Baekje was defeated by the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China.
The Unified Silla Kingdom and Balhae
The Unified Silla (676-935)
The Unified Silla Kingdom promoted the development of culture and arts, and the popularity of Buddhism reached its peak during this period. The Unified Silla Kingdom declined because of contention for supremacy among the noble classes, and was annexed by Goryeo in 935.
Balhae (698-926)
The Balhae Kingdom began to emerge just as the Goguryeo Kingdom was on the verge of collapsing. Goguryeo General Dae Joyeong founded Balhae along with his army of displaced peoples. At one point, Balhae became so powerful that it was able to acquire territories in northern and eastern parts of China. At those times, the Tang Dynasty of China referred to Balhae as “Haedongseongguk” or “the strong country by the sea in the east.” The Balhae Kingdom holds significance in that it recovered lost territories of Goguryeo and inherited Goguryeo.
The Goryeo Dynasty (918 - 1392)
The Goryeo Dynasty was established in 918 by King Wang Geon. Buddhism became the state religion during this time and greatly influenced politics and culture. Famous items produced during this time include Goryeo celadon and the Tripitaka Koreana. The world's first movable metal type was developed in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. Jikjisimgyeong, a Buddhist scripture printed using the metal type, is at least 78 years older than the first Gutenberg Bible. The Goryeo Dynasty's strength decreased gradually in the latter half of the 14th century.
The Joseon Dynasty (1392 - 1910)
The Joseon Dynasty was formed at the end of the 14th century. Goryeo General Lee Sung-gye brought down Goryeo to found Joseon, and designated Seoul as a capital. Confucianism became the state ideology and exerted a massive influence over the whole of society. Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, was invented in 1443 during the reign of King Sejong.
The Japanese Colonial Period (1910 - 1945)
In 1876, the Joseon Dynasty was forced by Japan to adopt an open-door policy. Then, in 1910, the Japanese annexation of Korea was concluded. Korean people had to suffer under the Japanese colonial rule until the end of World War II by the surrender of Japan in 1945.
Establishment of the Korean Government (1945-1948)
Korea was liberated from Japanese oppression on August 15, 1945, but it soon faced the tragic division of North and South along the 38th Parallel. Both regions were placed under temporary military rule by the U.S. and Soviet armies. On May 10, 1948, with the help of the United Nations, South Korea elected Dr. Rhee Syngman as its first president. On August 15th of the same year, an official declaration announced the birth of the South Korean government. In the north, North Korea formed the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea, led by Kim Il-sung, in February 1946. On September 9, 1948, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was officially founded.
The Korean War (1950-1953)
In the early hours of June 25, 1950, North Korea attempted a forcible unification of North and South Korea by crossing the 38th Parallel and invading South Korea. Military help from over 16 nations under the leadership of UN General Douglas MacArthur helped defend South Korea against the threat of communism. China and the Soviet Union lent their military might to North Korea. The war continued over the next three years until coming to an end on July 27, 1953, with a peace agreement signed at Panmunjeom, located in the DMZ. Not only did the war ravage the Peninsula, it also heightened hostile feelings between the North and South, making reunification a difficult task.
The Aftermath of War (1954-Present)
Beginning in 1954, the Rhee Syngman Government focused on developing an anti-communist politics. In 1960, students forged an anti-government movement, the 4.19 Revolution against the illegitimately pro-longed reign of Rhee Syngman Government, and overturned the government. On July 23, 1960, a new election law was enacted, and Yun Bo-seon was elected president. However, the Yun Bo-seon Government was toppled by a military coup on May 16, 1961.
In 1963, the acting president, Park Chung-hee was officially elected president, and ruled with a controversial iron fist for the next 17 years. President Park Chung-hee's 'Saemaeul Undong' (New Community Movement, an effort to modernize Korea that began in 1970) brought about much progress in South Korea, and the systematic approach to economic development also yielded increased exports and positive returns. But with the democratic movement in progress and the citizens becoming wary of such extended rule, Park Chung-hee's life ended in a 1979 assassination. In 1980, Chun Doo-hwan came to power and continued to lead the nation with an authoritarian slant, as had been the case with former rulers. His rule came to an end in 1987, after massive protests demanding democracy broke out across the country.
In 1988, the Roh Tae-woo government started off the year on a good note by successfully hosting the 1988 Seoul Olympics. His government went on to join the UN in 1991.
The Kim Young-sam Government, which began in 1993, implemented a new system in which people were required to use their real names when making financial transactions, a much needed reform at the time.
In 1998, Kim Dae-jung was elected president. He threw his efforts into overcoming the IMF financial catastrophe that hit Asia in 1997, and also hosted the 17th FIFA World Cup in 2002. President Kim Dae-jung was also the winner of the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for his Sunshine Policy regarding North Korea.
The Roh Moo-hyun Administration, which came into office in 2003, aspired to be a participatory government where public engagement played a key role. Key outcomes of the Roh Administration included a human resources policy targeting young and open-minded people, the liquidation of authoritarianism, and growth of the civil society. The second round summit talks between South and North Korea also took place under his administration.
President Lee Myung-bak took office in 2008 as the 17th president. His administration pursued change and pragmatism, and actively undertook the privatization of public corporations and passage of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The administration successfully hosted the G20 Seoul Summit, the Nuclear Security Summit, and other major events.
In North Korea, Kim Jong-il died in December 2011 after 17 years in power. His son Kim Jong-un took power.
Since the signing of a South-North joint communique regarding the reunification of the Korean Peninsula on July 4, 1972, South and North Korea have continued their efforts towards a peaceful coexistence and reunification, including North Korea’s opening of Geumgang Mountain to South Korean tourists in 1998, and the two rounds of South-North summit meetings in 2000 and 2007, respectively.
On February 25, 2013, Park Geun-hye took oath and was inaugurated as the 18th president of Korea. She is the first female president since the establishment of the Korean Government. She is also a daughter of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th president, Park Chung-hee. The Park Geun-hye Government places the first priority on establishment of fair trade as well as political, legislative, and prosecution reform. It also focuses on reducing households’ debt, developing measures to deal with youth unemployment, and improving the welfare.
WORLD CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
| Korea | China | Japan | The West | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B.C. | Bronze Age | Jomon Period | Early Mesopotamia Egyptian Kingdoms | |
| 2000 | Shang Dynasty (1766-1122) Zhou Dynasty (1122-256) | |||
| 1000 | Bronze Age Gojoseon | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476) | Founding of Rome(753) | |
| 500 | Iron Age Buyeo | Warring States Era (475-221) Qin Dynasty (221-206) Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 9) | Bronze Age Yayoi Period | Socrates (469-399) Alexander the Great (356-323) First Punic War (264-241) Second Punic War (219-201) |
| 200 | Confederated Kingdoms of Samhan (Three Han States) | |||
| 100 | Three Kingdoms: Silla (57 B.C. - A.D. 935) Goguryeo (37 B.C. - A.D. 668) Baekje (18 B.C. - A.D. 660) Gaya (42-562) | Birth of Christ | ||
| A.D. 200 | Later Han Dynasty (26-221) Three Kingdoms (220-280) | Iron Age | ||
| 300 | Jin Dynasty (265-420) | Tumulus Period | Christianity adopted as the state religion of Roman Empire (392) Roman Empire divided (395) | |
| 400 | Nothern and Southern Dynasties (420-581) | Anglo-Saxons established in Britain (449) | ||
| 500 | Asuka Perios (552-645) | Mohammed (570-632) | ||
| 600 | Unified Silla Kingdom (676-935) Balhae Kingdom (668-928) | Sui Dynasty (581-618) Tang Dynasty (618-906) | Nara Period (710-794) | Hegira (622) and beginning of Islamic era |
| 700 | Heian Period (794-1185) | |||
| 800 | Charlemagne crowned first Holy Roman Emperor (800) | |||
| 900 | Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) | Five Dynasties (906-960) Song Dynasty (960-1279) | ||
| 1000 | First Crusade (1096-1099) | |||
| 1100 | Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) | Kamakura Period (1185-1392) | ||
| 1200 | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) | Magna Carta (1215) Marco Polo (1254-1324) | ||
| 1300 | Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) | Muromachi (Ashikaga) Period(1392-1568) | The Hundred Years' War (1338-1453) | |
| 1400 | Gutenberg's Press (1492) Columbus discovers America (1492) | |||
| 1500 | Momoyama Period (1568-1615) | Martin Luther launches reform of the church (1517) | ||
| 1600 | Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) | Tokugawa Period (1615-1867) | The Thirty Years' War(1618-1648) | |
| 1700 | American Independence (1776) French Revolution (1789-1793) | |||
| 1800 | Meiji Period (1868-1912) | American Civil War (1861-1865) | ||
| 1900 | Annexation by Japan (1910) Establishment of the ROK (1948) Korean War (1950-1953) | Establishment of the ROC (1912) Establishment of the PRC (1949) | Taisho Period (1912-1926) Showa Period (1926-1988) Heisei Period (1989-) | World War I (1914-1918) World War II (1939-1945) |
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